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Bradley Sawatzky, Erik Athavale Year=2020 Run is a movie starring Sarah Paulson, Pat Healy, and Bradley Sawatzky. A home schooled teenager begins to suspect her mother is keeping a dark secret from her Sev Ohanian. CNN, abc, CBS, MSNBC, NBC are FAKE NEWS. When you forgot milk 1:48. Free logan's run movie. English [ edit] Run on Wikipedia Alternative forms [ edit] rin ( dialectal) Etymology [ edit] From Middle English runnen, ronnen ( “ to run ”), alteration (due to the past participle runne, runnen, yronne) of Middle English rinnen ( “ to run ”), from Old English rinnan, iernan ( “ to run ”) and Old Norse rinna ( “ to run ”), both from Proto-Germanic *rinnaną ( “ to run ”) (compare also *rannijaną ( “ to make run ”)), from Proto-Indo-European *h₃reyH- ( “ to boil, churn ”). Cognate with Scots rin ( “ to run ”), West Frisian rinne ( “ to walk, march ”), Dutch rennen ( “ to run, race ”), German rennen ( “ to run, race ”), rinnen ( “ to flow ”), Danish rende ( “ to run ”), Swedish ränna ( “ to run ”), Icelandic renna ( “ to flow ”). Non-Germanic cognates include Albanian rend ( “ to run, run after ”). See random. Pronunciation [ edit] ( US, UK) IPA ( key): /ɹʌn/ ( Northern England) IPA ( key): /ɹʊn/ Rhymes: -ʌn Verb [ edit] a runner running (sense 1) Women running (sense 1) in a 100-meter foot race run ( third-person singular simple present runs, present participle running, simple past ran, past participle run) To move swiftly. ( intransitive) To move forward quickly upon two feet by alternately making a short jump off either foot. ( Compare walk. ) Run, Sarah, run! 1967, Sleigh, Barbara, Jessamy, 1993 edition, Sevenoaks, Kent: Bloomsbury, →ISBN, page 122: Through the open front door ran Jessamy, down the steps to where Kitto was sitting at the bottom with the pram beside him. For more examples of usage of this term, see Citations:run. ( intransitive) To go at a fast pace, to move quickly. The horse ran the length of the track. I have been running all over the building looking for him. Sorry, I've got to run; my house is on fire. ( transitive) To cause to move quickly; to make move lightly. Every day I run my dog across the field and back. I'll just run the vacuum cleaner over the carpet. Run your fingers through my hair. Can you run these data through the program for me and tell me whether it gives an error? ( transitive or intransitive) To compete in a race. The horse will run the Preakness next year. I'm not ready to run a marathon. ( intransitive) Of fish, to migrate for spawning. ( intransitive, soccer) To carry a football down the field. ( transitive) To achieve or perform by running or as if by running. The horse ran a great race. ( intransitive) To flee from a danger or towards help. Whenever things get tough, she cuts and runs. When he's broke, he runs to me for money. ( figuratively, transitive) To go through without stopping, usually illegally. run a red light or stop sign; run a blockade ( transitive, juggling, colloquial) To juggle a pattern continuously, as opposed to starting and stopping quickly. ( fluids) To flow. ( intransitive, figuratively) To move or spread quickly. There's a strange story running around the neighborhood. The flu is running through my daughter's kindergarten. ( intransitive) Of a liquid, to flow. The river runs through the forest. There's blood running down your leg. ( intransitive) Of an object, to have a liquid flowing from it. Your nose is running. Why is the hose still running? My cup runneth over. ( transitive) To make a liquid flow; to make liquid flow from an object. You'll have to run the water a while before it gets hot. ( intransitive) To become liquid; to melt. 1717 [a. 18 A. D. ], Ovid, Joseph Addison, transl., Ovid's Metamorphoses in fifteen books. Translated by the most eminent hands. Adorn'd with sculptures [1], Book the Third, The Story of Narcissus, page 92: As Wax dissolves, as Ice begins to run, 1729, John Woodward, An Attempt Towards a Natural History of the Fossils of England, Tome I, page 223: The Sussex ores run pretty freely in the Fire for Iron-Ores; otherwise they would hardly be worth working. ( intransitive) To leak or spread in an undesirable fashion; to bleed (especially used of dye or paint). He discovered during washing that the red rug ran on his white sheet, staining it pink. To fuse; to shape; to mould; to cast. to run bullets 1718, Henry Felton, A Dissertation on Reading the Classics, and Forming a Just Style [2], page 6: But, my Lord, the fairest Diamonds are rough till they are polished, and the purest Gold must be run and washed, and sifted in the Oar. ( nautical, of a vessel) To sail before the wind, in distinction from reaching or sailing close-hauled. ( social) To carry out an activity. ( transitive) To control or manage, be in charge of. My uncle ran a corner store for forty years. She runs the fundraising. My parents think they run my life. He is running an expensive campaign. 1972 December 29, Richard Schickel, “Masterpieces underrated and overlooked”, in Life, volume 73, number 25, page 22: A friend of mine who runs an intellectual magazine was grousing about his movie critic, complaining that though the fellow had liked The Godfather (page 58), he had neglected to label it clearly as a masterpiece. 2013 May 11, “ What a waste ”, in The Economist, volume 407, number 8835, page 12: India is run by gerontocrats and epigones: grey hairs and groomed heirs. ( intransitive) To be a candidate in an election. I have decided to run for governor of California. We're trying to find somebody to run against him next year. ( transitive) To make run in a race or an election. He ran his best horse in the Derby. The Green Party is running twenty candidates in this election. To exert continuous activity; to proceed. to run through life; to run in a circle ( intransitive) To be presented in the media. The story will run on the 6-o'clock news. The latest Robin Williams movie is running at the Silver City theatre. Her picture ran on the front page of the newspaper. ( transitive) To print or broadcast in the media. run a story; run an ad ( transitive) To transport someone or something. Could you run me over to the store? Please run this report upstairs to director's office. ( transitive) To smuggle illegal goods. to run guns; to run rum 1728, Jonathan Swift, “An answer to a paper, called A memorial of the poor inhabitants, tradesmen, and labourers of the kingdom of Ireland ”, in The Works of Dr. Jonathan Swift, published 1757, page 175: [ …] whereas in the business of laying heavy impositions two and two never made more than one; which happens by lessening the import, and the strong temptation of running such goods as paid high duties ( transitive, agriculture) To sort through a large volume of produce in quality control. Looks like we're gonna have to run the tomatoes again. To extend or persist, statically or dynamically, through space or time. ( intransitive) To extend in space or through a range (often with a measure phrase). The border runs for 3000 miles. The leash runs along a wire. The grain of the wood runs to the right on this table. It ran in quality from excellent to substandard. ( intransitive) To extend in time, to last, to continue (usually with a measure phrase). The sale will run for ten days. The contract runs through 2008. The meeting ran late. The book runs 655 pages. The speech runs as follows: … ( transitive) To make something extend in space. I need to run this wire along the wall. ( intransitive) Of a machine, including computer programs, to be operating or working normally. My car stopped running. That computer runs twenty-four hours a day. Buses don't run here on Sunday. ( transitive) To make a machine operate. It's full. You can run the dishwasher now. Don't run the engine so fast. ( transitive) To execute or carry out a plan, procedure, or program. They ran twenty blood tests on me and they still don't know what's wrong. Our coach had us running plays for the whole practice. I will run the sample. Don't run that software unless you have permission. My computer is too old to run the new OS. To pass or go quickly in thought or conversation. to run from one subject to another 1697, Joseph Addison, “An essay on the Georgics”, in The Works of Virgil: Containing His Pastorals, Georgics, and Aeneis [3], by John Dryden: Virgil was so well acquainted with this Secret, that to set off his first Georgic, he has run into a set of Precepts, which are almost foreign to his Subject, ( copulative) To become different in a way mentioned (usually to become worse). Our supplies are running low. They frequently overspent and soon ran into debt. 1712, Joseph Addison, Cato, a Tragedy, Act IV, scene i: Have I not cause to rave, and beat my breast, / To rend my heart with grief and run distracted? 1968, Paul Simon, The Boxer (song) I was no more than a boy / In the company of strangers / In the quiet of the railway station / Running scared. ( transitive) To cost a large amount of money. Buying a new laptop will run you a thousand dollars. Laptops run about a thousand dollars apiece. ( intransitive) Of stitches or stitched clothing, to unravel. My stocking is running. To pursue in thought; to carry in contemplation. (Can we date this quote by Robert South and provide title, author's full name, and other details? ) to run the world back to its first original (Can we date this quote by Arthur Collier and provide title, author's full name, and other details? ) I would gladly understand the formation of a soul, and run it up to its punctum saliens. To cause to enter; to thrust. to run a sword into or through the body; to run a nail into one's foot (Can we date this quote by Sir Walter Scott and provide title, author's full name, and other details? ) You run your head into the lion's mouth. (Can we date this quote by Charles Dickens and provide title, author's full name, and other details? ) having run his fingers through his hair There was also hairdressing: hairdressing, too, really was hairdressing in those times — no running a comb through it and that was that. It was curled, frizzed, waved, put in curlers overnight, waved with hot tongs; [ …]. To drive or force; to cause, or permit, to be driven. Bible, Acts xxvii. 41 They ran the ship aground. (Can we date this quote by John Ray and provide title, author's full name, and other details? ) A talkative person runs himself upon great inconveniences by blabbing out his own or other's secrets. (Can we date this quote by John Locke and provide title, author's full name, and other details? ) Others, accustomed to retired speculations, run natural philosophy into metaphysical notions. To cause to be drawn; to mark out; to indicate; to determine. to run a line To encounter or incur (a danger or risk). to run the risk of losing one's life (Can we date this quote by Francis Bacon and provide title, author's full name, and other details? ) He runneth two dangers. To put at hazard; to venture; to risk. (Can we date this quote by Edward_Hyde, _1st_Earl_of_Clarendon and provide title, author's full name, and other details? ) He would himself be in the Highlands to receive them, and run his fortune with them. To tease with sarcasms and ridicule. To sew (a seam) by passing the needle through material in a continuous line, generally taking a series of stitches on the needle at the same time. To control or have precedence in a card game. Every three or four hands he would run the table. To be in form thus, as a combination of words. 1722 [1647], Robert Sanderson, Thomas Lewis, transl., A Preservative Against Schism and Rebellion, in the Most Trying Times [4], volume 1, translation of De juramenti promissorii obligatione, page 355: Which Sovereignity, with us, so undoubtedly resideth in the Person of the King, that his ordinary style runneth — Our Sovereign Lord the King 1922, Ben Travers, chapter 5, in A Cuckoo in the Nest [5]: The departure was not unduly prolonged. In the road Mr. Love and the driver favoured the company with a brief chanty running: “Got it? —No, I ain't, 'old on, —Got it? Got it? —No, 'old on sir. ” ( archaic) To be popularly known; to be generally received. c. 1685, William Temple, Upon the Gardens of Epicurus [6], published 1908, page 27: [ …] great captains, and even consular men, who first brought them over, took pride in giving them their own names (by which they run a great while in Rome) (Can we date this quote by Richard Knolles and provide title, author's full name, and other details? ) Neither was he ignorant what report ran of himself. To have growth or development. Boys and girls run up rapidly. (Can we date this quote by John Mortimer and provide title, author's full name, and other details? ) if the richness of the ground cause turnips to run to leaves To tend, as to an effect or consequence; to incline. A man's nature runs either to herbs or weeds. 1708, Jonathan Swift, “The Sentiments of a Church-of-England Man with respect to Religion and Government”, in The Works of Dr. Jonathan Swift, published 1757, page 235: It hath been observed, that the temperate climates usually run into moderate governments, and the extremes into despotic power. To have a legal course; to be attached; to continue in force, effect, or operation; to follow; to go in company. Certain covenants run with the land. (Can we date this quote by Sir Josiah Child and provide title, author's full name, and other details? ) Customs run only upon our goods imported or exported, and that but once for all; whereas interest runs as well upon our ships as goods, and must be yearly paid. To encounter or suffer (a particular, usually bad, fate or misfortune). 1748, Samuel Richardson, Clarissa, I. 8: Don't let me run the fate of all who show indulgence to your sex […]. ( golf) To strike (the ball) in such a way as to cause it to run along the ground, as when approaching a hole. ( video games, rare) To speedrun. Synonyms [ edit] The terms below need to be checked and allocated to the definitions (senses) of the headword above. Each term should appear in the sense for which it is appropriate. Use the templates {{ syn |en|... }} or {{ ant |en|... }} to add them to the appropriate sense(s). extend go lead hunt hunt down hurry pass track down travel speed Hyponyms [ edit] re-run run across run after run aground run along run amok run amuck run around run away run by run down run for the hills run in run into run of the mill run off run on run out run over run through run to run up run up against Idioms: run a bath run a fever run a risk run a temperature run an errand run circles around run for the roses run high run hot and cold run hot run in the family run into the ground run low run out of steam run rampant run scared run someone off their feet run the gamut run the gauntlet run the show up and running Derived terms [ edit] [ edit] Translations [ edit] to move quickly on two feet Abkhaz: please add this translation if you can Albanian: vrapoj (sq) American Sign Language: S@SideChesthigh-S@SideChesthigh CirclesMidline-CirclesMidline Arabic: رَكَضَ (ar) ( rakaḍa), جَرَى (ar) ( jarā) Egyptian Arabic: جري ( gerī) Hijazi Arabic: جري ( jirī) Moroccan Arabic: جْرى ( jra) Armenian: վազել (hy) ( vazel) Aromanian: fug, alag Assamese: দৌৰা ( doura) Asturian: correr Avar: please add this translation if you can Azerbaijani: yüyürmək Bashkir: йүгереү ( yügerew) Basque: korrika egin (eu), lasterka egin (eu) Belarusian: бе́гаць impf ( bjéhacʹ), пабе́гаць pf ( pabjéhacʹ) ( abstract), бе́гчы impf ( bjéhčy) ( concrete), пабе́гчы pf ( pabjéhčy) Bengali: দৌড়ান ( dôuṛan) Breton: redek (br) Bulgarian: бя́гам (bg) impf ( bjágam) ( abstract), ти́чам (bg) impf ( tíčam) Burmese: ပြေး (my) ( pre:) Catalan: córrer (ca) Chechen: please add this translation if you can Chinese: Cantonese: 走 ( zau 2), 跑 ( paau 2) Dungan: по ( po) Hakka: 走 ( chéu) Mandarin: 跑 (zh) ( pǎo), 奔跑 (zh) ( bēnpǎo) Min Nan: 走 (zh-min-nan) ( cháu) Chuvash: чуп ( čup) Crimean Tatar: çapmaq, ( northern dialect) cuvurmaq Czech: běhat (cs) impf ( abstract), běet (cs) impf ( concrete) Dalmatian: cuar Danish: løbe (da) Dutch: rennen (nl), lopen (nl) Esperanto: kuri (eo) Estonian: jooksma (et) Ewe: ƒu du Faroese: renna Finnish: juosta (fi) French: courir (fr) Friulian: cori Galician: correr (gl) Georgian: სირბილი ( sirbili) German: rennen (de), laufen (de) Alemannic German: lauffe Greek: τρέχω (el) ( trécho) Ancient: τρέχω ( trékhō) Gujarati: દોડવું ( doḍvũ) Hebrew: רָץ (he) ( rats) Hindi: दौड़ना (hi) ( dauṛnā) Hungarian: fut (hu) Icelandic: hlaupa (is) Ido: kurar (io), hastar (io) Indonesian: lari (id), berlari (id), menjalankan (id) Irish: rith Italian: correre (it) Japanese: 走る (ja) ( はしる, hashiru) Kannada: ಓಡು (kn) ( ōḍu) Kazakh: жүгіру (kk) ( jügirw) Khmer: រត់ (km) ( rŭət) Korean: 달리다 (ko) ( dallida), 뛰다 (ko) ( ttwida) Kurdish: Kurmanji: bezîn (ku), revîn (ku), bazdan (ku) Sorani: ڕاکردن (ku) ( rakirdin) Kyrgyz: жүгүрүү (ky) ( cügürüü) Lao: ແລ່ນ ( lǣn) Latgalian: skrīt Latin: currō (la) Latvian: skriet Lithuanian: bėgti (lt) Luxembourgish: lafen, rennen Macedonian: т́рча impf ( t́rča), истрча pf ( istrča) Malay: berlari, lari (ms) Malayalam: ഓടുക (ml) ( ōṭuka) Maltese: ġera Manx: roie Maori: oma Mongolian: гүйх (mn) ( güjh) North Frisian: ( Föhr-Amrum) luup, laap ( Sylt) Northern Altai: чӱгӱрер ( čügürer) Northern Ohlone: othemhimah Norwegian: løpe (no), springe (no) Novial: kurse Occitan: córrer (oc) Old Church Slavonic: Cyrillic: бѣгати impf ( běgati) ( abstract), бѣжати impf ( běati) ( concrete) Glagolitic: ⰱⱑⰳⰰⱅⰹ impf ( běgati) ( abstract), ⰱⱑⰶⰰⱅⰹ impf ( běati) ( concrete) Old East Slavic: бѣгати impf ( běgati) ( abstract), бѣжати impf ( běati) ( concrete) Ossetian: please add this translation if you can Pashto: الاکول ( alākawə́l) Persian: دویدن (fa) ( davidan) Polabian: bezǝt impf ( concrete) Polish: biegać (pl) impf ( abstract), biec (pl) impf ( concrete) Portuguese: correr (pt) Quechua: qurriy Romanian: a alerga (ro), a fugi (ro) Romansch: currer, cuorer, curer, curir, correr, cuorrer Russian: бе́гать (ru) impf ( bégatʹ), побе́гать (ru) pf ( pobégatʹ) ( abstract), бежа́ть (ru) impf ( beátʹ), побежа́ть (ru) pf ( pobeátʹ) ( concrete) Sardinian: cúrrere, curri, cúrriri Scots: rin Scottish Gaelic: ruith Serbo-Croatian: Cyrillic: трчати impf Roman: trčati (sh) impf Sicilian: cùrriri (scn) Sinhalese: දුවනවා ( duvanavā) Slovak: behať impf ( abstract), beať impf ( concrete) Slovene: teči (sl) impf Slovincian: bjìe̯găc impf ( abstract) Sorbian: Lower Sorbian: běgaś impf ( abstract), běaś impf ( concrete) Upper Sorbian: běhać impf ( abstract), běeć impf ( concrete) Southern Altai: јӱгӱрӱ ( ǰügürü) Spanish: correr (es) Swahili: kukimbia Swedish: springa (sv) Tagalog: tumakbo Tajik: давидан (tg) ( davidan) Tamil: ஓடு (ta) ( ōṭu) Tatar: йөгерергә (tt) ( yögerergä) Telugu: పరుగెత్తు (te) ( parugettu) Thai: วิ่ง (th) ( wîng) Turkish: koşmak (tr) Turkmen: çapmak Tuvan: маңнаар ( maŋnaar), чүгүрер ( čügürär) Ukrainian: бі́гати (uk) impf ( bíhaty) ( abstract), бі́гти (uk) impf ( bíhty) ( concrete) Urdu: دوڑنا ( dauṛnā) Uyghur: يۈگۈرمەك ( yügürmek) Uzbek: yugurmoq (uz) Venetian: córar, córer, córare, corer (vec) Vietnamese: chạy (vi) Walloon: cori (wa) Waray-Waray: dalagan Welsh: rhedeg (cy) Westrobothnian: kuut, spriint, löup, föött, spraang Yagnobi: давак Yiddish: לויפֿן ( loyfn) to move or spread quickly to flow Bulgarian: тека́ (bg) ( teká) Catalan: fluir (ca), escolar-se (ca) Mandarin: 流 (zh) ( liú) Czech: téct (cs), téci (cs) Danish: løbe (da), ( about tears, poetic) trille, rulle Finnish: virrata (fi), juosta (fi) French: s'écouler (fr), couler (fr) German: fließen (de) Greek: τρέχω (el) ( trécho), ρέω (el) ( réo), κυλώ (el) ( kyló) Italian: fluire (it) Kazakh: Arabic: اعۋ Korean: 흐르다 (ko) ( heureuda) Macedonian: тече ( teče) Malay: mengalir Manx: sheel Polish: cieknąć (pl) Portuguese: correr (pt), manar (pt), fluir (pt) Russian: течь (ru) impf ( tečʹ), Serbo-Croatian: proticati (sh), strujati Lower Sorbian: běaś impf Spanish: fluir (es), afluir (es), correr (es) Swedish: rinna (sv) Tuvan: агар ( agar) Vietnamese: chảy (vi) to have a liquid flowing from to extend in space or through a range to sail a boat with the wind coming from behind to extend in time, to last, to continue to make something extend in space of a machine, to be operating normally to make a machine operate to execute or carry out a plan, procedure or program to be a candidate in an election to make run in a race or an election to leak, spread or bleed in an undesirable fashion to become different, usually worse to go through without stopping to transport someone or something to smuggle illegal goods — see smuggle to cost a large amount of money of fish, to migrate for spawning to flee away from a danger or towards help agriculture: to sort through to control or have precedence in a card game juggling: to juggle a pattern continuously Noun [ edit] diagram of stairs, showing the run Stockings with a run (line of stitches that has come undone) in them run ( plural runs) Act or instance of running, of moving rapidly using the feet. I just got back from my morning run. 2012 June 9, Owen Phillips, “Euro 2012: Netherlands 0-1 Denmark”, in BBC Sport [7]: Krohn-Dehli took advantage of a lucky bounce of the ball after a battling run on the left flank by Simon Poulsen, dummied two defenders and shot low through goalkeeper Maarten Stekelenburg's legs after 24 minutes. Act or instance of hurrying (to or from a place) ( not necessarily by foot); dash or errand, trip. 1759, N. Tindal, The Continuation of Mr Rapin's History of England, volume 21 (continuation volume 9), page 92: [ …] and on the 18th of January this squadron put to sea. The first place of rendezvous was the boy of port St. Julian, upon the coast of Patagonia, and all accidents were provided against with admirable foresight. Their run to port St. Julian was dangerous [ …] I need to make a run to the store. A pleasure trip. Let's go for a run in the car. (Can we date this quote by Charles Dickens and provide title, author's full name, and other details? ), Martin Chuzzlewit And I think of giving her a run in London for a change. Flight, instance or period of fleeing. 2006, Tsirk Susej, The Demonic Bible, →ISBN, page 41: During his run from the police, he claimed to have a metaphysical experience which can only be described as “having passed through an abyss. ” Migration ( of fish). A group of fish that migrate, or ascend a river for the purpose of spawning. ( skiing, bobsledding) A single trip down a hill, as in skiing and bobsledding. A (regular) trip or route. The bus on the Cherry Street run is always crowded. The route taken while running or skiing. Which run did you do today? The distance sailed by a ship. a good run; a run of fifty miles 1977, Star Wars (film) You've never heard of the Millennium Falcon? It's the ship that made the Kessel Run in less than twelve parsecs. A voyage. a run to China An enclosure for an animal; a track or path along which something can travel. He set up a rabbit run. ( Australia, New Zealand) Rural landholding for farming, usually for running sheep, and operated by a runholder. State of being current; currency; popularity. (Can we date this quote by Addison and provide title, author's full name, and other details? ) It is impossible for detached papers to have a general run, or long continuance, if not diversified with humour. A continuous period (of time) marked by a trend; a period marked by a continuing trend. I’m having a run of bad luck. He went to Las Vegas and spent all his money over a three-day run. (Can we date this quote by Burke and provide title, author's full name, and other details? ) They who made their arrangements in the first run of misadventure [ …] put a seal on their calamities. 2011 June 28, Piers Newbery, “Wimbledon 2011: Sabine Lisicki beats Marion Bartoli”, in BBC Sport [8]: German wildcard Sabine Lisicki conquered her nerves to defeat France's Marion Bartoli and take her amazing Wimbledon run into the semi-finals. A series of tries in a game that were successful. ( card games) A sequence of cards in a suit in a card game. ( music) A rapid passage in music, especially along a scale. A trial. The data got lost, so I'll have to perform another run of the experiment. A flow of liquid; a leak. The constant run of water from the faucet annoys me. a run of must in wine-making the first run of sap in a maple orchard ( chiefly eastern Midland US, especially Ohio, Pennsylvania, West Virginia) A small creek or part thereof. ( Compare Southern US branch and New York and New England brook. ) The military campaign near that creek was known as "The battle of Bull Run ". A production quantity (such as in a factory). Yesterday we did a run of 12, 000 units. The book’s initial press run will be 5, 000 copies. The period of showing of a play, film, TV series, etc. The run of the show lasted two weeks, and we sold out every night. It is the last week of our French cinema run. (Can we date this quote by Macaulay and provide title, author's full name, and other details? ) A canting, mawkish play [ …] had an immense run. A quick pace, faster than a walk. He broke into a run. ( of horses) A fast gallop. A sudden series of demands on a bank or other financial institution, especially characterised by great withdrawals. Financial insecurity led to a run on the banks, as customers feared for the security of their savings. Any sudden large demand for something. There was a run on Christmas presents. The top of a step on a staircase, also called a tread, as opposed to the rise. The horizontal length of a set of stairs A standard or unexceptional group or category. He stood out from the usual run of applicants. ( baseball) The act of a runner making it around all the bases and over home plate; the point scored for this. ( cricket) The act of passing from one wicket to another; the point scored for this. ( American football) A gain of a (specified) distance; a running play. [ …] one of the greatest runs of all time. 2003, Jack Seibold, Spartan Sports Encyclopedia, page 592: Aaron Roberts added an insurance touchdown on a one-yard run. A line of knit stitches that have unravelled, particularly in a nylon stocking. I have a run in my stocking. ( nautical) The stern of the underwater body of a ship from where it begins to curve upward and inward. ( construction) Horizontal dimension of a slope. ( mining) The horizontal distance to which a drift may be carried, either by licence of the proprietor of a mine or by the nature of the formation; also, the direction which a vein of ore or other substance takes. A pair or set of millstones. ( mathematics, computing) The execution of a program or model This morning's run of the SHIPS statistical model gave Hurricane Priscilla a 74% chance of gaining at least 30 knots of intensity in 24 hours, reconfirmed by the HMON and GFS dynamical models. ( video games) A playthrough. This was my first successful run without losing any health. ( slang) A period of extended (usually daily) drug use. 1964: Heroin by The Velvet Underground And I'll tell ya, things aren't quite the same / When I'm rushing on my run. 1975, Lloyd Y. Young, Mary Anne Koda-Kimble, Brian S. Katcher, Applied Therapeutics for Clinical Pharmacists Frank Fixwell, a 25 year-old male, has been on a heroin " run " (daily use) for the past two years. 1977, Richard P. Rettig, Manual J. Torres, Gerald R. Garrett, Manny: a criminal-addict's story, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt (HMH) →ISBN I was hooked on dope, and hooked bad, during this whole period, but I was also hooked behind robbery. When you're on a heroin run, you stay loaded so long as you can score. 2001, Robin J. Harman, Handbook of Pharmacy Health Education, Pharmaceutical Press →ISBN, page 172 This can develop quite quickly (over a matter of hours) during a cocaine run or when cocaine use becomes a daily habit. 2010, Robert DuPont, The Selfish Brain: Learning from Addiction, Hazelden Publishing →ISBN, page 158 DA depletion leads to the crash that characteristically ends a cocaine run. ( golf) The movement communicated to a golf ball by running it. ( golf) The distance a ball travels after touching the ground from a stroke. ( video games, rare) An attempt at a game, especially a speedrun. Unrestricted use. Only used in have the run of. He can have the run of the house. ( horizontal part of a step): tread ( unravelling): ladder ( British) ( computing): execute, start See also Thesaurus:walk Antonyms [ edit] ( horizontal part of a step): rise, riser ( horizontal distance of a set of stairs): rise the route taken while running flow of liquid Bulgarian: тече́ние (bg) ( tečénie), пото́к (bg) ( potók) Finnish: virtaus (fi) French: flot (fr) m, flux (fr) m Italian: scorrere (it) m, flusso (it) m, sgocciolamento m, sgocciolio m Japanese: 流れ (ja) ( nagare) Latgalian: tekme f, straume Latvian: tecējums, straume f Lithuanian: srovė f, tėkmė f Macedonian: тек m ( tek) Maori: rere Portuguese: escorrimento m Romanian: flux (ro) Russian: пото́к (ru) m ( potók), ток (ru) m ( tok), тече́ние (ru) n ( tečénije) Swedish: flöde (sv) n, ström (sv) c, rinnande (sv) n interval of distance or time a point scored in some games The translations below need to be checked and inserted above into the appropriate translation tables, removing any numbers. Numbers do not necessarily match those in definitions. See instructions at Wiktionary:Entry layout#Translations. Translations to be checked See also [ edit] ( computer science): trajectory Adjective [ edit] run ( not comparable) In a liquid state; melted or molten. Put some run butter on the vegetables. 1921, L. W. Ferris, H. Redfield and W. R. North, The Volatile Acids and the Volatile Oxidizable Substances of Cream and Experimental Butter, in the Journal of Dairy Science, volume 4 (1921), page 522: Samples of the regular run butter were sealed in 1 pound tins and sent to Washington, where the butter was scored and examined. Cast in a mould. 1735, Thomas Frankz, A tour through France, Flanders, and Germany: in a letter to Robert Savil, page 18: [ …] the Sides are generally made of Holland's Tiles, or Plates of run Iron, ornamented variously as Fancy dictates, [ …] 1833, The Cabinet Cyclopaedia: A treatise on the progressive improvement and present state of the Manufactures in Metal, volume 2, Iron and Steel (printed in London), page 314: Vast quantities are cast in sand moulds, with that kind of run steel which is so largely used in the production of common table-knives and forks. c. 1839, (Richard of Raindale, The Plan of my House vindicated, quoted by) T. T. B. in the Dwelling of Richard of Raindale, King of the Moors, published in The Mirror, number 966, 7 September 1839, page 153: For making tea I have a kettle, Besides a pan made of run metal; An old arm-chair, in which I sit well — The back is round. Exhausted; depleted ( especially with "down" or "out"). ( of a zoology) Travelled, migrated; having made a migration or a spawning run. 1889, Henry Cholmondeley-Pennell, Fishing: Salmon and Trout, fifth edition, page 185: The temperature of the water is consequently much higher than in either England or Scotland, and many newly run salmon will be found in early spring in the upper waters of Irish rivers where obstructions exist. 1986, Arthur Oglesby, Fly fishing for salmon and sea trout, page 15: It may be very much a metallic appearance as opposed to the silver freshness of a recently run salmon. 2005, Rod Sutterby, Malcolm Greenhalgh, Atlantic Salmon: An Illustrated Natural History, page 86: Thus, on almost any day of the year, a fresh- run salmon may be caught legally somewhere in the British Isles. Smuggled. run brandy run past participle of rin Anagrams [ edit] Nur, URN, nur, urn Dutch [ edit] first-person singular present indicative of runnen imperative of runnen Gothic [ edit] Romanization [ edit] Romanization of 𐍂𐌿𐌽 Mandarin [ edit] Nonstandard spelling of rún. Nonstandard spelling of rùn. Usage notes [ edit] English transcriptions of Mandarin speech often fail to distinguish between the critical tonal differences employed in the Mandarin language, using words such as this one without the appropriate indication of tone. Norman [ edit] (This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium. ) run m ( plural runs) ( nautical) beam ( of a ship) Old English [ edit] From Proto-Germanic *rūnō. Cognate with the Old Saxon rūna, Old High German rūna ( German Raun), Old Norse rún, and Gothic 𐍂𐌿𐌽𐌰 ( runa). IPA ( key): /ruːn/ rūn f mystery, secret rūne healdan to keep a secret advice rune, letter writing Declension [ edit] Declension of run (strong ō-stem) ġerȳne Descendants [ edit] Middle English: roun Scots: rune, roun, round English: roun, round dierne ( adjective) Polish [ edit] IPA ( key): /run/ run n genitive plural of runo run f genitive plural of runa Further reading [ edit] run in Polish dictionaries at PWN Vietnamese [ edit] From Proto-Vietic *-ruːn. ( Hà Nội) IPA ( key): [zun˧˧] ( Huế) IPA ( key): [ʐun˧˧] ( Hồ Chí Minh City) IPA ( key): [ɹʊwŋ͡m˧˧] run • ( 惇, 慵, 敦, 𢹈) to tremble, to shiver (due to cold) rung ( “ to shake ”).
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Free run full movie. Chicken run free movie. Run verb ( GO QUICKLY) In the semi-final she will be running against her nearest rival. Thompson Stables are running three horses in the next race. run on the spot UK ( US run in place) Thesaurus: synonyms and related words You can also find related words, phrases, and synonyms in the topics: ( TRAVEL) Trains run on rails (= move along on top of them). Electricity is running through (= moving along within) this cable. ( OPERATE) ( FLOW) If the first layer isn't dry before you add the next one, the colours will run into each other (= mix). ( BECOME) Supplies are running low (= there's not much left). ( HOLE) ( SHOW) What's running at the the Metro this week? ( POLITICS) ( TAKE) run noun old-fashioned Let's go for a run (out) in the car somewhere. The musical's London run was a disaster. They're doing a run at the Cambridge Playhouse. ( BUY) ( SELL) ( SERIES) ( ORDINARY) the general/usual run of sth ( AREA) ( POINT) ( ILLNESS) (Definition of run from the Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary & Thesaurus © Cambridge University Press) run | American Dictionary run noun [C] ( TRAVELING/GOING) ( BEING/CONTINUING) (Definition of run from the Cambridge Academic Content Dictionary © Cambridge University Press) Keep clear of the fans while they're running. well-run/poorly-run government-run/family-run/student-run The restaurant is a family-run business. privately-run/publicly-run/professionally-run run at sth Inflation has been running at 2% for the past year. Supplies are running low. [ I] POLITICS, GOVERNMENT run against sb She is running against a multi-millionaire businessman. run a/the risk of doing sth run around in circles informal a run of good/bad luck We've had quite a run of good luck this month. a run on the bank BANKING, FINANCE, ECONOMICS (Definition of run from the Cambridge Business English Dictionary © Cambridge University Press) Examples of run run A simulated experiment with an atom trap was planned with five sections, and then let run to generate the composition. However, they soon were forced to abandon these plans after running into a powerful barrage of criticism. These examples are from the Cambridge English Corpus and from sources on the web. Any opinions in the examples do not represent the opinion of the Cambridge Dictionary editors or of Cambridge University Press or its licensors. More examples Fewer examples The runs with the glass upper surface duplicated the conditions with the copper plate and the corresponding photographs were correlated. Jeeter does not share his ill-begotten gains with his co-conspirators, however, but runs away and eats his fill before returning home with the remaining turnips. In one set of runs (their 'passage-based' runs), the highest scoring sentences were returned as the response. To be more precise, he runs away from the law by defiantly refusing to win the race as the favourite competitor. The lottery runs over 36 weeks, with one number being drawn and not replaced each week. The verb-and-particle ttwui-e " run " is revised and replaced with the verb-and-particle tul-e "enter". It aggressively exploits the parallelism made possible by sending requests to multiple remote data sources simultaneously and by scheduling tasks to run on multiple processors. The model is run under twelve different conditions - three initial parties and four initial parties, and within each of these six different informational conditions. Run -down and built-in are initially stressed in attributive position, which is the more typical function of adjectives (see below). The new team-based algorithm took substantially more time to run to completion than the original separable algorithm. In the present study, runs involving 11 parameters sometimes took 5-h to complete. The reversal is supposed to start instantaneously and to run at exactly the same speed as the forward simulation. The agreement was too indefinite to be enforced - how long was the loan supposed to run? Translations of run {{setText}} in Chinese (Traditional) in Japanese in Turkish in French in Catalan in Arabic in Czech in Danish in Indonesian in Thai in Vietnamese in Polish in Malay in German in Norwegian in Korean in Portuguese in Chinese (Simplified) in Italian in Russian in Spanish {{{translatePanelDefaultEntry. entryLeft}}} See more 快走, 跑，奔跑, 使（狗、馬等）參加比賽… 走る, ～を経営する, 運営する… koşmak, seğirtmek, yönetmek… córrer, dirigir, administrar… يَرْكُض, يُدير, يَعْمَل… วิ่ง, ไหล, เดินเครื่อง… chạy, hoạt động, chảy… berlari, bergerak lancar, mengalir… 뛰다, 운영하다, 운행하다… 快走, 跑，奔跑, 使（狗、马等）参加比赛… бежать, управлять, руководить… Need a translator? Get a quick, free translation!
Home run free movie online. Movie logan's run free. Run free movie downloads. Run free mcafee. Miracle run free movie. Her: okay something's really wrong now Me: really now it's been something going wrong. Run free ofac. Run fatboy run free movie. Run movie songs free download. YouTube. 6:24 fgteev duddy AH me SCREAMS LUNGS OUT. Video of human running action Running is a method of terrestrial locomotion allowing humans and other animals to move rapidly on foot. Running is a type of gait characterized by an aerial phase in which all feet are above the ground (though there are exceptions). [1] This is in contrast to walking, where one foot is always in contact with the ground, the legs are kept mostly straight and the center of gravity vaults over the stance leg or legs in an inverted pendulum fashion. [2] A feature of a running body from the viewpoint of spring-mass mechanics is that changes in kinetic and potential energy within a stride occur simultaneously, with energy storage accomplished by springy tendons and passive muscle elasticity. [3] The term running can refer to any of a variety of speeds ranging from jogging to sprinting. Running in humans is associated with improved health and life expectancy. [4] It is assumed that the ancestors of humankind developed the ability to run for long distances about 2. 6 million years ago, probably in order to hunt animals. [5] Competitive running grew out of religious festivals in various areas. Records of competitive racing date back to the Tailteann Games in Ireland between 632 BCE and 1171 BCE, [6] [7] [8] while the first recorded Olympic Games took place in 776 BCE. Running has been described as the world's most accessible sport. [9] History A scene depicting long distance runners, originally found on a Panathenaic amphora from Ancient Greece, circa 333 BCE It is thought that human running evolved at least four and a half million years ago out of the ability of the ape-like Australopithecus, an early ancestor of humans, to walk upright on two legs. [10] Early humans most likely developed into endurance runners from the practice of persistence hunting of animals, the activity of following and chasing until a prey is too exhausted to flee, succumbing to "chase myopathy " (Sears 2001), and that human features such as the nuchal ligament, abundant sweat glands, the Achilles tendons, big knee joints and muscular glutei maximi, were changes caused by this type of activity (Bramble & Lieberman 2004, et al. ). [11] [12] [13] The theory as first proposed used comparative physiological evidence and the natural habits of animals when running, indicating the likelihood of this activity as a successful hunting method. Further evidence from observation of modern-day hunting practice also indicated this likelihood (Carrier et al. 1984). [13] [14] According to Sears (p. 12) scientific investigation (Walker & Leakey 1993) of the Nariokotome Skeleton provided further evidence for the Carrier theory. [15] Competitive running grew out of religious festivals in various areas such as Greece, Egypt, Asia, and the East African Rift in Africa. The Tailteann Games, an Irish sporting festival in honor of the goddess Tailtiu, dates back to 1829 BCE, and is one of the earliest records of competitive running. [ citation needed] The origins of the Olympics and Marathon running are shrouded by myth and legend, though the first recorded games took place in 776 BCE. [16] Running in Ancient Greece can be traced back to these games of 776 BCE.... I suspect that the sun, moon, earth, stars, and heaven, which are still the gods of many barbarians, were the only gods known to the aboriginal Hellenes. Seeing that they were always moving and running, from their running nature they were called gods or runners (Thus, Theontas)... Description Running gait can be divided into two phases in regard to the lower extremity: stance and swing. [18] [19] [20] [21] These can be further divided into absorption, propulsion, initial swing and terminal swing. Due to the continuous nature of running gait, no certain point is assumed to be the beginning. However, for simplicity, it will be assumed that absorption and footstrike mark the beginning of the running cycle in a body already in motion. Footstrike Footstrike occurs when a plantar portion of the foot makes initial contact with the ground. Common footstrike types include forefoot, midfoot and heel strike types. [22] [23] [24] These are characterized by initial contact of the ball of the foot, ball and heel of the foot simultaneously and heel of the foot respectively. During this time the hip joint is undergoing extension from being in maximal flexion from the previous swing phase. For proper force absorption, the knee joint should be flexed upon footstrike and the ankle should be slightly in front of the body. [25] Footstrike begins the absorption phase as forces from initial contact are attenuated throughout the lower extremity. Absorption of forces continues as the body moves from footstrike to midstance due to vertical propulsion from the toe-off during a previous gait cycle. Midstance Midstance is defined as the time at which the lower extremity limb of focus is in knee flexion directly underneath the trunk, pelvis and hips. It is at this point that propulsion begins to occur as the hips undergo hip extension, the knee joint undergoes extension and the ankle undergoes plantar flexion. Propulsion continues until the leg is extended behind the body and toe off occurs. This involves maximal hip extension, knee extension and plantar flexion for the subject, resulting in the body being pushed forward from this motion and the ankle/foot leaves the ground as initial swing begins. Propulsion phase Most recent research, particularly regarding the footstrike debate, has focused solely on the absorption phases for injury identification and prevention purposes. The propulsion phase of running involves the movement beginning at midstance until toe off. [19] [20] [26] From a full stride length model however, components of the terminal swing and footstrike can aid in propulsion. [21] [27] Set up for propulsion begins at the end of terminal swing as the hip joint flexes, creating the maximal range of motion for the hip extensors to accelerate through and produce force. As the hip extensors change from reciporatory inhibitors to primary muscle movers, the lower extremity is brought back toward the ground, although aided greatly by the stretch reflex and gravity. [21] Footstrike and absorption phases occur next with two types of outcomes. This phase can be only a continuation of momentum from the stretch reflex reaction to hip flexion, gravity and light hip extension with a heel strike, which does little to provide force absorption through the ankle joint. [26] [28] [29] With a mid/forefoot strike, loading of the gastro-soleus complex from shock absorption will serve to aid in plantar flexion from midstance to toe-off. [29] [30] As the lower extremity enters midstance, true propulsion begins. [26] The hip extensors continue contracting along with help from the acceleration of gravity and the stretch reflex left over from maximal hip flexion during the terminal swing phase. Hip extension pulls the ground underneath the body, thereby pulling the runner forward. During midstance, the knee should be in some degree of knee flexion due to elastic loading from the absorption and footstrike phases to preserve forward momentum. [31] [32] [33] The ankle joint is in dorsiflexion at this point underneath the body, either elastically loaded from a mid/forefoot strike or preparing for stand-alone concentric plantar flexion. All three joints perform the final propulsive movements during toe-off. [26] [28] [29] [30] The plantar flexors plantar flex, pushing off from the ground and returning from dorsiflexion in midstance. This can either occur by releasing the elastic load from an earlier mid/forefoot strike or concentrically contracting from a heel strike. With a forefoot strike, both the ankle and knee joints will release their stored elastic energy from the footstrike/absorption phase. [31] [32] [33] The quadriceps group/knee extensors go into full knee extension, pushing the body off of the ground. At the same time, the knee flexors and stretch reflex pull the knee back into flexion, adding to a pulling motion on the ground and beginning the initial swing phase. The hip extensors extend to maximum, adding the forces pulling and pushing off of the ground. The movement and momentum generated by the hip extensors also contributes to knee flexion and the beginning of the initial swing phase. Swing phase Initial swing is the response of both stretch reflexes and concentric movements to the propulsion movements of the body. Hip flexion and knee flexion occur beginning the return of the limb to the starting position and setting up for another footstrike. Initial swing ends at midswing, when the limb is again directly underneath the trunk, pelvis and hip with the knee joint flexed and hip flexion continuing. Terminal swing then begins as hip flexion continues to the point of activation of the stretch reflex of the hip extensors. The knee begins to extend slightly as it swings to the anterior portion of the body. The foot then makes contact with the ground with footstrike, completing the running cycle of one side of the lower extremity. Each limb of the lower extremity works opposite to the other. When one side is in toe-off/propulsion, the other hand is in the swing/recovery phase preparing for footstrike. [18] [19] [20] [21] Following toe-off and the beginning of the initial swing of one side, there is a flight phase where neither extremity is in contact with the ground due to the opposite side finishing terminal swing. As the footstrike of the one hand occurs, initial swing continues. The opposing limbs meet with one in midstance and midswing, beginning the propulsion and terminal swing phases. Upper extremity function Upper extremity function serves mainly in providing balance in conjunction with the opposing side of the lower extremity. [19] The movement of each leg is paired with the opposite arm which serves to counterbalance the body, particularly during the stance phase. [26] The arms move most effectively (as seen in elite athletes) with the elbow joint at an approximately 90 degrees or less, the hands swinging from the hips up to mid chest level with the opposite leg, the Humerus moving from being parallel with the trunk to approximately 45 degrees shoulder extension (never passing the trunk in flexion) and with as little movement in the transverse plane as possible. [34] The trunk also rotates in conjunction with arm swing. It mainly serves as a balance point from which the limbs are anchored. Thus trunk motion should remain mostly stable with little motion except for slight rotation as excessive movement would contribute to transverse motion and wasted energy. Footstrike debate Recent research into various forms of running has focused on the differences, in the potential injury risks and shock absorption capabilities between heel and mid/forefoot footstrikes. It has been shown that heel striking is generally associated with higher rates of injury and impact due to inefficient shock absorption and inefficient biomechanical compensations for these forces. [22] This is due to forces from a heel strike traveling through bones for shock absorption rather than being absorbed by muscles. Since bones cannot disperse forces easily, the forces are transmitted to other parts of the body, including ligaments, joints and bones in the rest of the lower extremity all the way up to the lower back. [35] This causes the body to use abnormal compensatory motions in an attempt to avoid serious bone injuries. [36] These compensations include internal rotation of the tibia, knee and hip joints. Excessive amounts of compensation over time have been linked to higher risk of injuries in those joints as well as the muscles involved in those motions. [28] Conversely, a mid/forefoot strike has been associated with greater efficiency and lower injury risk due to the triceps surae being used as a lever system to absorb forces with the muscles eccentrically rather than through the bone. [22] Landing with a mid/forefoot strike has also been shown to not only properly attenuate shock but allows the triceps surae to aid in propulsion via reflexive plantarflexion after stretching to absorb ground contact forces. [27] [37] Thus a mid/forefoot strike may aid in propulsion. However, even among elite athletes there are variations in self selected footstrike types. [38] This is especially true in longer distance events, where there is a prevalence of heel strikers. [39] There does tend however to be a greater percentage of mid/forefoot striking runners in the elite fields, particularly in the faster racers and the winning individuals or groups. [34] While one could attribute the faster speeds of elite runners compared to recreational runners with similar footstrikes to physiological differences, the hip and joints have been left out of the equation for proper propulsion. This brings up the question as to how heel striking elite distance runners are able to keep up such high paces with a supposedly inefficient and injurious foot strike technique. Stride length, hip and knee function Biomechanical factors associated with elite runners include increased hip function, use and stride length over recreational runners. [34] [40] An increase in running speeds causes increased ground reaction forces and elite distance runners must compensate for this to maintain their pace over long distances. [41] These forces are attenuated through increased stride length via increased hip flexion and extension through decreased ground contact time and more force being used in propulsion. [41] [42] [43] With increased propulsion in the horizontal plane, less impact occurs from decreased force in the vertical plane. [44] Increased hip flexion allows for increased use of the hip extensors through midstance and toe-off, allowing for more force production. [26] The difference even between world class and national level distance runners has been associated with more efficient hip joint function. [45] The increase in velocity likely comes from the increased range of motion in hip flexion and extension, allowing for greater acceleration and velocity. The hip extensors and hip extension have been linked to more powerful knee extension during toe-off, which contributes to propulsion. [34] Stride length must be properly increased with some degree of knee flexion maintained through the terminal swing phases, as excessive knee extension during this phase along with footstrike has been associated with higher impact forces due to braking and an increased prevalence of heel striking. [46] Elite runners tend to exhibit some degree of knee flexion at footstrike and midstance, which first serves to eccentrically absorb impact forces in the quadriceps muscle group. [45] [47] [48] Secondly it allows for the knee joint to concentrically contract and provides major aid in propulsion during toe-off as the quadriceps group is capable of produce large amounts of force. [26] Recreational runners have been shown to increase stride length through increased knee extension rather than increased hip flexion as exhibited by elite runners, which serves instead to provide an intense braking motion with each step and decrease the rate and efficiency of knee extension during toe-off, slowing down speed. [40] Knee extension however contributes to additional stride length and propulsion during toe-off and is seen more frequently in elite runners as well. [34] Good running technique The runner's posture should be upright and slightly tilted forward. Upright posture and a slight forward lean Leaning forward places a runner's center of mass on the front part of the foot, which avoids landing on the heel and facilitates the use of the spring mechanism of the foot. It also makes it easier for the runner to avoid landing the foot in front of the center of mass and the resultant braking effect. While upright posture is essential, a runner should maintain a relaxed frame and use their core to keep posture upright and stable. This helps prevent injury as long as the body is neither rigid nor tense. The most common running mistakes are tilting the chin up and scrunching shoulders. [49] Stride rate and types Exercise physiologists have found that the stride rates are extremely consistent across professional runners, between 185 and 200 steps per minute. The main difference between long- and short-distance runners is the length of stride rather than the rate of stride. [50] [51] During running, the speed at which the runner moves may be calculated by multiplying the cadence (steps per second) by the stride length. Running is often measured in terms of pace [52] in minutes per mile or kilometer. Different types of stride are necessary for different types of running. When sprinting, runners stay on their toes bringing their legs up, using shorter and faster strides. Long distance runners tend to have more relaxed strides that vary. Health effects U. S. Army soldier running to maintain his health Cardiovascular benefits While there exists the potential for injury while running (just as there is in any sport), there are many benefits. Some of these benefits include potential weight loss, improved cardiovascular and respiratory health (reducing the risk of cardiovascular and respiratory diseases), improved cardiovascular fitness, reduced total blood cholesterol, strengthening of bones (and potentially increased bone density), possible strengthening of the immune system and an improved self-esteem and emotional state. [53] Running, like all forms of regular exercise, can effectively slow [54] or reverse [55] the effects of aging. Even people who have already experienced a heart attack are 20% less likely to develop serious heart problems if more engaged in running or any type of aerobic activity. [56] Although an optimal amount of vigorous aerobic exercise such as running might bring benefits related to lower cardiovascular disease and life extension, an excessive dose (e. g., marathons) might have an opposite effect associated with cardiotoxicity. [57] Weight loss Running can assist people in losing weight, staying in shape and improving body composition. Research suggests that the person of average weight will burn approximately 100 calories per mile run. [58] Running increases one's metabolism, even after running; one will continue to burn an increased level of calories for a short time after the run. [59] Different speeds and distances are appropriate for different individual health and fitness levels. For new runners, it takes time to get into shape. The key is consistency and a slow increase in speed and distance. [58] While running, it is best to pay attention to how one's body feels. If a runner is gasping for breath or feels exhausted while running, it may be beneficial to slow down or try a shorter distance for a few weeks. If a runner feels that the pace or distance is no longer challenging, then the runner may want to speed up or run farther. [60] Mental health Running can also have psychological benefits, as many participants in the sport report feeling an elated, euphoric state, often referred to as a " runner's high ". [61] Running is frequently recommended as therapy for people with clinical depression and people coping with addiction. [62] A possible benefit may be the enjoyment of nature and scenery, which also improves psychological well-being [63] (see Ecopsychology § Practical benefits). In animal models, running has been shown to increase the number of newly created neurons within the brain. [64] This finding could have significant implications in aging as well as learning and memory. A recent study published in Cell Metabolism has also linked running with improved memory and learning skills. [65] Running is an effective way to reduce stress, anxiety, depression, and tension. It helps people who struggle with seasonal affective disorder by running outside when it's sunny and warm. Running can improve mental alertness and also improves sleep, which is needed for good mental health. Both research and clinical experience have shown that exercise can be a treatment for serious depression and anxiety even some physicians prescribe exercise to most of their patients. Running can have a longer lasting effect than anti-depressants. [66] Running injuries High impact Person with a bad running form. Heel striking and leaning forward are some of the most common mistakes and cause of injuries among beginners. Many injuries are associated with running because of its high-impact nature. Change in running volume may lead to development of patellofemoral pain syndrome, iliotibial band syndrome, patellar tendinopathy, plica syndrome, and medial tibial stress syndrome. Change in running pace may cause Achilles Tendinitis, gastrocnemius injuries, and plantar fasciitis. [67] Repetitive stress on the same tissues without enough time for recovery or running with improper form can lead to many of the above. Runners generally attempt to minimize these injuries by warming up before exercise, [25] focusing on proper running form, performing strength training exercises, eating a well balanced diet, allowing time for recovery, and "icing" (applying ice to sore muscles or taking an ice bath). Some runners may experience injuries when running on concrete surfaces. The problem with running on concrete is that the body adjusts to this flat surface running, and some of the muscles will become weaker, along with the added impact of running on a harder surface. Therefore, it is advised [ by whom? ] to change terrain occasionally – such as trail, beach, or grass running. This is more unstable ground and allows the legs to strengthen different muscles. Runners should be wary of twisting their ankles on such terrain. Running downhill also increases knee stress and should, therefore, be avoided. Reducing the frequency and duration can also prevent injury. Barefoot running has been promoted as a means of reducing running related injuries, [68] but this remains controversial and a majority of professionals advocate the wearing of appropriate shoes as the best method for avoiding injury. [69] However, a study in 2013 concluded that wearing neutral shoes is not associated with increased injuries. [70] Chafing Chafing of skin following a marathon run Another common, running-related injury is chafing, caused by repetitive rubbing of one piece of skin against another, or against an article of clothing. One common location for chafe to occur is the runner's upper thighs. The skin feels coarse and develops a rash-like look. A variety of deodorants and special anti-chafing creams are available to treat such problems. Chafe is also likely to occur on the nipple. There are a variety of home remedies that runners use to deal with chafing while running such as band-aids and using grease to reduce friction. Prevention is key which is why form fitting clothes are important. [71] Iliotibial band syndrome An iliotibial band is a muscle and tendon that is attached to the hip and runs the length of the thigh to attach to the upper part of the tibia, and the band is what helps the knee to bend. This is an injury that is located at the knee and shows symptoms of swelling outside the knee. Iliotibial band syndrome is also known as "runner's knee" or "jogger's knee" because it can be caused by jogging or running. Once pain or swelling is noticeable it is important to put ice on it immediately and it's recommended to rest the knee for better healing. [72] Most knee injuries can be treated by light activity and lots of rest for the knee. In more serious cases, arthroscopy is the most common to help repair ligaments but severe situations reconstructive surgery would be needed. [73] A survey was taken in 2011 with knee injuries being 22. 7% of the most common injuries. [74] Medial tibial stress syndrome A more known injury is medial tibial stress syndrome (MTSS) which is the accurate name for shin splints. This is caused during running when the muscle is being overused along the front of the lower leg with symptoms that affect 2 to 6 inches of the muscle. Shin Splints have sharp, splinter-like pain, that is typically X- rayed by doctors but is not necessary for shin splints to be diagnosed. To help prevent shin splints it's commonly known to stretch before and after a workout session, and also avoid heavy equipment especially during the first couple of workout sessions. [75] Also to help prevent shin splints don't increase the intensity of a workout more than 10% a week. [76] To treat shin splints it's important to rest with the least amount of impact on your legs and apply ice to the area. A survey showed that shin splints 12. 7% of the most common injuries in running with blisters being the top percentage at 30. 9%. [74] Running events Running is both a competition and a type of training for sports that have running or endurance components. As a sport, it is split into events divided by distance and sometimes includes permutations such as the obstacles in steeplechase and hurdles. Running races are contests to determine which of the competitors is able to run a certain distance in the shortest time. Today, competitive running events make up the core of the sport of athletics. Events are usually grouped into several classes, each requiring substantially different athletic strengths and involving different tactics, training methods, and types of competitors. Running competitions have probably existed for most of humanity's history and were a key part of the ancient Olympic Games as well as the modern Olympics. The activity of running went through a period of widespread popularity in the United States during the running boom of the 1970s. Over the next two decades, as many as 25 million Americans were doing some form of running or jogging – accounting for roughly one tenth of the population. [77] Today, road racing is a popular sport among non-professional athletes, who included over 7. 7 million people in America alone in 2002. [78] Limits of speed Footspeed, or sprint speed, is the maximum speed at which a human can run. It is affected by many factors, varies greatly throughout the population, and is important in athletics and many sports. The fastest human footspeed on record is 44. 7 km/h (12. 4 m/s, 27. 8 mph), seen during a 100-meter sprint (average speed between the 60th and the 80th meter) by Usain Bolt. [79] Running speed over increasing distance based on world record times (see Category:Athletics (track and field) record progressions) Maximum human speed [km/h] and pace [min/km] per distance Distance metres Men m/s Women m/s 100 10. 44 9. 53 200 10. 42 9. 37 400 9. 26 8. 44 800 7. 92 7. 06 1, 000 7. 58 6. 71 1, 500 7. 28 6. 51 1, 609 ( mile) 7. 22 6. 36 2, 000 7. 02 6. 15 3, 000 6. 81 6. 17 5, 000 6. 60 5. 87 10, 000 track 6. 34 5. 64 10, 000 road 6. 23 5. 49 15, 000 road 6. 02 5. 38 20, 000 track 5. 91 5. 09 20, 000 road 5. 30 21, 097 Half marathon 5. 29 21, 285 One hour run 5. 14 25, 000 track 5. 63 4. 78 25, 000 road 5. 80 5. 22 30, 000 track 5. 60 4. 72 30, 000 road 5. 69 5. 06 42, 195 Marathon 5. 19 90, 000 Comrades 4. 68 4. 23 100, 000 4. 46 4. 24 303, 506 24-hour run 3. 513 2. 82 Events by type Track running A man running with a baton during a relay race. Track running events are individual or relay events with athletes racing over specified distances on an oval running track. The events are categorized as sprints, middle and long-distance, and hurdling. Road running Road running takes place on a measured course over an established road (as opposed to track and cross country running). These events normally range from distances of 5 kilometers to longer distances such as half marathons and marathons, and they may involve scores of runners or wheelchair entrants. Cross-country running Cross country running takes place over the open or rough terrain. The courses used for these events may include grass, mud, woodlands, hills, flat ground and water. It is a popular participatory sport and is one of the events which, along with track and field, road running, and racewalking, makes up the umbrella sport of athletics. Vertical running The majority of popular races do not incorporate a significant change in elevation as a key component of a course. There are several, disparate variations that feature significant inclines or declines. These fall into two main groups. The naturalistic group is based on outdoor racing over geographical features. Among these are the cross country-related sports of fell running (a tradition associated with Northern Europe) and trail running (mainly ultramarathon distances), the running/climbing combination of skyrunning (organised by the International Skyrunning Federation with races across North America, Europe and East Asia) and the mainly trail- and road-centred mountain running (governed by the World Mountain Running Association and based mainly in Europe). The second variety of vertical running is based on human structures, such as stairs and man-made slopes. The foremost type of this is tower running, which sees athletes compete indoors, running up steps within very tall structures such as the Eiffel Tower or Empire State Building. Events by distance Sprints International level women athletes competing in 100 m sprint race at ISTAF Berlin, 2006 Sprints are short running events in athletics and track and field. Races over short distances are among the oldest running competitions. The first 13 editions of the Ancient Olympic Games featured only one event – the stadion race, which was a race from one end of the stadium to the other. [80] There are three sprinting events which are currently held at the Olympics and outdoor World Championships: the 100 metres, 200 metres, and 400 metres. These events have their roots in races of imperial measurements which were later altered to metric: the 100 m evolved from the 100-yard dash, [81] the 200 m distances came from the furlong (or 1/8 of a mile), [82] and the 400 m was the successor to the 440 yard dash or quarter-mile race. [83] At the professional level, sprinters begin the race by assuming a crouching position in the starting blocks before leaning forward and gradually moving into an upright position as the contest progresses and momentum is gained. [84] Athletes remain in the same lane on the running track throughout all sprinting events, [83] with the sole exception of the 400 m indoors. Races up to 100 m are largely focused upon acceleration to an athlete's maximum speed. [84] All sprints beyond this distance increasingly incorporate an element of endurance. [85] Human physiology dictates that a runner's near-top speed cannot be maintained for more than thirty seconds or so as lactic acid builds up, and leg muscles begin to be deprived of oxygen. [83] The 60 metres is a common indoor event and it an indoor world championship event. Other less-common events include the 50 metres, 55 metres, 300 metres and 500 metres which are used in some high and collegiate competitions in the United States. The 150 metres, is rarely competed: Pietro Mennea set a world best in 1983, [86] Olympic champions Michael Johnson and Donovan Bailey went head-to-head over the distance in 1997, [87] and Usain Bolt improved Mennea's record in 2009. [86] Middle distance Middle distance running events are track races longer than sprints up to 3000 metres. The standard middle distances are the 800 metres, 1500 metres and mile run, although the 3000 metres may also be classified as a middle distance event. [88] The 880 yard run, or half mile, was the forebear to the 800 m distance and it has its roots in competitions in the United Kingdom in the 1830s. [89] The 1500 m came about as a result of running three laps of a 500 m track, which was commonplace in continental Europe in the 1900s. [90] Long distance Examples of longer-distance running events are long distance track races, marathons, ultramarathons, and multiday races. Gadgets These days athletes use gadgets, such as a step counter, GPS watch, smartphone, and smartwatch, to keep an eye on the distance covered, pace, heart rate, and cadence. Wearables become as essential a part of a runner's kit as the shoes on their feet and help ensure they get as much out of their running sessions as possible. [91] See also Level and incline running Outline of running Running energetics Trail running Ultra Running Skyrunning References ^ Rubenson, Jonas; Heliams, Denham B. ; Lloyd, David G. ; Fournier, Paul A. (22 May 2004). 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Cambridge University Press.
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